Future and Modals : Unit 26, Have to . . .

A.      I have to do something = it is necessary for me to do it or I am obliged to do it :

I/we/you/they  have He/she/it  has

To do . . . To work . . . To go . . . To wear . . .

-          I’ll be late for work tommorow. I have to go to the dentist. (=it is neccessasry
for me to go to the dentist)

-          Sue starts work at 7:00, so she has to get up at 6:00.

-          You have to pass a test before you can get a driver’s license

B.      The Pass (Yesterday / last week, etc.) is had to . . . :

-          I was late for work yesterday. I had to go to the dentist.

-          There was no bus, so we had to walk home.

C.      In questions and negatives we use do/does (present) and did (past) :

-          What time do you have to get up tommorow morning?

-          Does Sue have to work on Saturday?

-          Why did they have to leave the party early?

I don’t have to do (something) = it is not necessary to do it :

-          I’m not working tommorow, so I don’t have to get up early.

-          Mike doesn’t have to work very hard. He has an easy job.

-          We didn’t have to wait very long. The bus came right on time.

D.      Must

You can also use must to say it is necessary to do something :

-          The windows are very dirty. I must clean them. (or  I have to clean them)

-          It’s a fantastic movie. You must see it. (or  You have to see it)

We use have to more often than must, especially in spoken English.

Future and Modals : Unit 25, May and Might

A.      may or might + base form (may go/ might go / may play / might play, etc.)

I/we/you/they He/she/it

May (not) Might (not)

Be Go Play Come

B.      may/might = it is possible that something will happen.
You can use may or might :

-          I may go to the movies tonight.
or I might go to movies tonight. (=perhaps I will go)

-          “When is Pam going to phone you?”     “I don’t know. She may phone
this afternoon.”

-          Take an umbrella with you. It might rain.

-          “Do you think Jack will come to the party?”   “I’m not sure. He may.”
(= He may come.)

-          “Are you going out tonight?”     “I might.” (= I might go out.”)

Study the difference :

-          I’m studying tennis tommorow. (sure)
I may play tennis tommorow. (possible)

-          Barbara is going to France next week. (sure)
Barbara might go to France next week. (possible)

C.      The negative is may not or might not :

-          I might not to go work tommorow. ( = perhaps I will not go)

-          Sue may not come to the party ( = perhaps she will not come)

D.      May I . . . ? = Is it okay to do something ?:

-          May I smoke? (= Is it okay if I smoke? / Can I smoke?)

“May I sit here?”    “Yes, of course.”

Future and Modals : Unit 24, Can and could

A.      Can + base form (can do / can / can come, etc.)

Positive and negative
I/we/you/they He/she/it	Can Can’t (cannot)	Do play come see

Question
can	I/we/you/they He/she/it	Do . . . ? play . . . ? come . . . ? see . . . ?

B.      I can do something = I know how to do it or it is possible for me to do it :

-          I can play piano. My brother can play the piano too.

-          Ann can speak Portugese, but she can’t speak Spanish

-          “Can you swim?”    “Yes, but not very well.”

-          “Can you change a ten dollar bill?”     “I’m sorry, I can’t.”

-          Mary and Andy can’t come to the party next week.

C.      In the past (yesterday / last week, etc.) :

Can (do) --------> Could (do) Can’t(do)--------> Couldn’t (do)

-          When I was young, I could run very fast

-          Before she came ro Canada, she could’t speak English. Now she can speak English very well.

-          I was tired last night, but I couldn’t sleep.

-          Mary and Andy couldn’t come to the party last week.

We use Can you . . . ? or Could you . . . ? when ask people to do things:

-          “Can you (or Could) you open the door, pease?”   “Sure.”

-          Can (or Could) you tell me the time, please?

We use Can I . . . ? when ask if it is Okay to do something:

-          (in a restauran) “Can I take your order?”   “Yes, we’re ready.”

-          (on the phone) Hello. Can I speak to Don, please?
Yu can also say May I . . . ?

We use Can I have . . . ? to ask for something :

-          (in a store) Can I Have these postcards, please?

Future and Modals : Unit 23, I’ll . . . Shall i . . . ? Shall we . . . ?

A.      You can use I’ll . . . ( = I will) when you offer or decide to do something :

-          “My suitcase is very heavy.”    “I’ll carry it for you.”

-          “I’ll call you tommorow, okay?”   “Okay. Bye.”

We often say I think I’ll / I don’t think I’ll . . .when we decide to do something:

-          I’m tired. I think I’ll go to bed early tonight.

-          It’s a nice day. I think I’ll sit in the sun.

-          It’s raining. I don’t think I’ll go out.

Don’t use the simple present (I go/ I call, etc.) in sentences like these:

-          I’ll call you tommorow, okay? (not “I call you.”)

-          I think i’ll go to bed early. (not “I go to bed.”)

Don’t use I’ll . . . for something you decided before :

-          I’m working tommorow. (not “I’ll work.”)

-          I’m going to watch TV tonight. (not “I’llwatch.”)

-          What are you doing this weekend? (not “whaat will you do”)

See units 20-21

B.      Shall I . . . ? / Shall we . . . ?

Shall I / Shall we . . . ? = Do you think this is a good  thing to do? Do oyu think this is a good idea?

-          It’s warm in this room. Shall I open the window?

-          “Shall i call you this evening?”   “Okay”

-          I’m going to a party tonight. What shall i wear?

-          It’s a nice day. Shall we go for a walk?

-          Where shall we go for four vacation this year?

-          “Let’s go out this evening.”    “Okay. What time shall we meet?”  

Future and Modals : Unit 22, Will

A.      Will + base form ( will be / will win / will come, etc.)

Positive and Negative
I/we/you/they He/she/it	Will (“ll) Will not (won’t)	be win come eat

Questions
will	I/we/you/they He/she/it	Be . . . ? win . . . ? come . . . ? eat . . . ?

Will = ‘ll : I’ll ( = I will ) / you’ll / she’ll, etc.

Will not = won’t ( = I will not ) you won’t / it won’t, etc.

B.      We use will for the future (tommorow / next wekk, etc.) :

-          She travels a lot. Today she is in New York. Tommorow she’ll be in Los Angeles.
Next week she’ll be in Tokyo.

-          Phone me this evening. I’ll be home.

-          Throw the bread on the ground. The Birds will eat it.

-          We’ll probably go out this evening.

-          Will you be home this evening?

-          I won’t be here tommorow. (=I will not be there)

-          Don’t drink coffe before you go to bed. You won’t sleep.

We often say I think . . . will . . . :

-          I think Linda will pass the exam.

-          I don’t think it will rain this afternoon.

-          Do you think the exam will be difficult?

But do not use will for things you have already arranged to do or decided to do :

-          We’re going to the theater on Saturday. (not “we will go”)

-          Are you working tommorow? (not “will you work”)